2026-10-16 · arXiv Quantum Physics
arXiv:2512.14280v3 Announce Type: replace
Abstract: This study presents a generalized $n$--bit superdense coding protocol that enables the transmission of n classical bits of information using an entangled $n$--qubit quantum system and the transmission of $n-1$ qubits. The protocol involves creating a maximally entangled $n$--qubit GHZ state, encoding the classical message with Pauli--Z and Pauli--X gates, and then transmitting and decoding the message via quantum communication, quantum operations, and measurements. The key novelty of this work is an explicit, scalable $n$--bit encoding routine, realized on the GHZ channel with a low--depth encoding layer using only single--qubit Pauli--X and Pauli--Z operations.
The protocol was tested on real quantum hardware using Qiskit 2.0 and the IBM--Fez quantum computer for message lengths of 4, 6, 8, and 10 bits, as a circuit--level proof of concept on a single processor; the physical transmission of qubits between the parties was not implemented. Results show that success rates decrease as message length, transpiled circuit depth and gate count increase; the latter two are set mainly by transpilation rather than by the encoding itself. A mutual information analysis shows that the transmitted information exceeds the classical bound of $n-1$ bits only for short messages. Strategies to improve performance include sending messages in shorter segments and advances in qubit coherence and gate fidelity. This work offers a practical and easily scalable quantum communication protocol with potential applications in quantum networks and communication systems.
原文链接：https://arxiv.org/abs/2512.14280
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